United States v. LaBonte

Background

Three men convicted of federal drug offenses in Maine were treated as "career offenders" under the Sentencing Guidelines and given longer prison ranges based on an "offense statutory maximum." The Sentencing Commission changed its commentary (Amendment 506) to exclude statutory sentence enhancements tied to prior convictions. After the change, the men sought sentence reductions; lower courts and courts of appeals split on whether the Commission could ignore statutory enhancements.

Reasoning

The Court read 28 U.S.C. § 994(h) and concluded the phrase "maximum term authorized" means the highest prison term allowed by statute, including any enhancement for prior convictions. The majority relied on the statute's plain language and used the drug statute example in the opinion (which raises a base 20-year cap to 30 years for qualifying repeat offenders) to show Congress plainly authorized enhanced maximums. The Court rejected the Commission's policy arguments about double counting and prosecutorial discretion and reversed the court of appeals.

Real world impact

Sentencing courts must count applicable statutory enhancements when calculating the maximum sentence for career offenders. The Commission's amendment excluding those enhancements cannot be applied where the statute authorizes higher terms. The decision preserves the statutory enhancement mechanism (including the requirement that prosecutors file notice under § 851 to trigger some enhancements) and remands cases for further proceedings consistent with the ruling.

Dissents or concurrances

Justice Breyer (joined by Justices Stevens and Ginsburg) dissented, arguing the statute is ambiguous and that the Commission's interpretation deserved deference because it reasonably balanced policy goals like reducing sentencing disparity.