Rogers v. Bellei

Background

Aldo Mario Bellei was born in Italy in 1939 to an Italian father and a mother who was born in Philadelphia and met a statutory residence test. Bellei lived mostly in Italy, visited the United States several times, held a U.S. passport for a period, and was warned by U.S. officials about the residence rule. He failed to satisfy a statutory five-year residence requirement between ages 14 and 28 and was later told he had lost U.S. citizenship under §301(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

Reasoning

The Court addressed whether Congress can conditionally strip citizenship that it conferred by statute. The majority concluded the Fourteenth Amendment’s first sentence applies to people born or naturalized in the United States and does not protect someone born abroad who acquired citizenship only by statute. The Court found Congress has power to grant citizenship by statute and to impose a reasonable post‑birth residence condition to address dual nationality concerns, and it held §301(b) constitutional as applied to Bellei, reversing the District Court.

Real world impact

The ruling affects people born outside the United States to one American parent who rely on statutory citizenship: failing to meet the statute’s residence requirement can result in loss of U.S. citizenship. The opinion emphasizes congressional authority to structure statutory citizenship and the importance of residence ties; the decision resolves Bellei’s constitutional challenge on the merits.

Dissents or concurrances

Two dissenting opinions argued that the Fourteenth Amendment protects all citizens from involuntary loss of citizenship and would have held §301(b) unconstitutional as applied to Bellei.